Signs of Autophagy: Key Indicators, Health Benefits, and Symptoms to Recognize →

What is Autophagy?

Autophagy is a natural cellular process where your body breaks down and recycles damaged or dysfunctional components within cells. This self-cleaning mechanism helps maintain proper cellular function by removing harmful elements and recycling them for energy or to create new cellular structures. The word “autophagy” literally means “self-eating,” and it represents one of the body’s most important cellular renewal processes.

During autophagy, your cells identify damaged proteins, organelles, and other components that are no longer functioning optimally. These components are then engulfed by structures called autophagosomes, which fuse with lysosomes containing enzymes that break down the cellular debris. The resulting molecules are then reused as building blocks for new cellular components or as energy sources.

This process is particularly important during times of stress, such as during fasting or exercise, when the body needs to conserve resources and maximize efficiency. Understanding the signs of autophagy fasting can help you optimize this natural process for better health.

Health Benefits of Autophagy

Improved Cellular Health

Autophagy functions as your body’s internal cleaning service, removing damaged proteins and organelles that could otherwise accumulate and cause cellular dysfunction. This cleanup process enhances overall cellular health and function, allowing your cells to operate more efficiently. When your cells function better, your entire body benefits from improved energy production and metabolic processes.

Reduced Inflammation

Chronic inflammation underlies many modern diseases, from arthritis to heart disease. Autophagy helps combat inflammation by clearing away cellular debris and damaged components that trigger inflammatory responses. By reducing these inflammatory triggers, autophagy helps maintain a more balanced immune system and reduces overall systemic inflammation.

Enhanced Immune Function

Your immune system relies on autophagy to help identify and eliminate pathogens. This process plays a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Autophagy helps immune cells recognize invasive microorganisms and facilitates their destruction. It also aids in antigen presentation, which is essential for an effective immune response against specific threats.

Increased Lifespan

Research across various organisms has shown that promoting autophagy can extend lifespan. By removing cellular damage that accumulates with age, autophagy helps delay age-related decline and reduces the risk of developing age-related diseases. This cellular maintenance process is one reason why certain lifestyle interventions like intermittent fasting show promise for longevity.

Protection Against Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease involve the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain. Autophagy helps clear these protein aggregates, potentially slowing disease progression. Enhanced autophagy in brain cells may protect against cognitive decline and preserve neurological function as we age.

Weight Loss Benefits

Autophagy contributes to weight management by improving metabolic efficiency. When your cells can better process nutrients and regulate energy production, your body naturally balances fat storage and utilization. This improved metabolic function can support weight loss efforts by optimizing how your body handles excess fat and glucose.

Improved Exercise Performance

Regular exercise stimulates autophagy, and in turn, enhanced autophagy improves exercise capacity. This virtuous cycle helps your muscles recover faster after workouts by clearing damaged cellular components and promoting tissue regeneration. Better recovery means more consistent training and improved physical performance over time.

Does Autophagy Help with Loose Skin?

The relationship between autophagy and loose skin has generated significant interest, particularly among those who have experienced substantial weight loss. While autophagy is known to recycle damaged cellular components, its specific effect on loose skin requires more research to fully understand.

Autophagy may potentially benefit skin elasticity through several mechanisms. The process helps clear damaged skin cells and promotes the recycling of cellular components, which could theoretically support skin health and renewal. Some proponents suggest that autophagy might help improve collagen production and maintain skin elasticity, potentially reducing the appearance of loose skin over time.

However, the scientific evidence directly linking autophagy to improvements in loose skin remains limited. Skin elasticity depends on multiple factors including genetics, age, the amount and duration of weight gain, and how quickly weight was lost. While autophagy may contribute to overall skin health, it’s important to maintain realistic expectations about its effects on loose skin following significant weight loss.

For those concerned about loose skin, a comprehensive approach including proper hydration, nutrition rich in skin-supporting nutrients, gradual weight loss, and regular exercise may offer the best combined strategy alongside practices that promote autophagy.

Autophagy Fasting Timeline

When Does Autophagy Start?

Understanding when does autophagy start during fasting is crucial for maximizing its benefits. Typically, the process begins gradually after you’ve depleted your glycogen (stored glucose) reserves. This generally occurs approximately 12-16 hours into a fast, though the exact timing varies based on individual factors such as metabolic health, activity level, and previous dietary patterns.

Several markers indicate the initiation of autophagy, including decreasing insulin levels and rising glucagon levels. As glucose becomes less available, your body switches to using stored fat for energy, producing ketones. This metabolic shift signals cellular cleanup mechanisms to activate, marking the beginning of autophagy.

The autophagy fasting timeline isn’t identical for everyone. Those who regularly practice intermittent fasting may experience earlier onset of autophagy due to metabolic adaptations. Similarly, those who follow low-carbohydrate diets might enter autophagy sooner during a fast because their bodies are already adapted to using fat for fuel.

How Long to Fast for Autophagy

The optimal fasting duration for autophagy depends on your goals and individual factors. Research suggests that significant autophagy activation occurs after 24 hours of fasting, with the process intensifying between 24 and 48 hours. However, even shorter fasting periods of 16-20 hours can trigger meaningful levels of autophagy, especially in metabolically flexible individuals.

For most people, a fasting window of 16-24 hours strikes a balance between practicality and effectiveness. This duration is typically sufficient to deplete glycogen stores and initiate autophagy while remaining manageable for regular practice. Longer fasts of 36-72 hours may produce more profound autophagy but should be approached carefully and ideally with professional guidance.

The frequency of fasting also matters. Regular shorter fasts (16-20 hours) practiced several times weekly may provide more consistent autophagy benefits than occasional extended fasts, though both approaches have merit depending on individual circumstances and goals.

Is 16 Hours of Fasting Enough for Autophagy?

A 16-hour fast typically marks the beginning threshold for autophagy activation in most people. At this point, glycogen stores have significantly depleted, insulin levels have dropped, and your body has begun to increase fat-burning mechanisms. For many individuals, especially those who are metabolically healthy and practice fasting regularly, 16 hours can indeed stimulate meaningful autophagy.

The effectiveness of a 16-hour fast for autophagy depends on several factors. Your baseline diet plays a significant role—those following lower-carbohydrate diets may experience faster autophagy activation. Activity level also matters; exercise during a fasted state can accelerate the depletion of glycogen and enhance autophagy signaling.

For those new to fasting, a 16-hour protocol (often achieved through an 8-hour eating window and 16 hours of fasting) provides an accessible entry point that can yield benefits without excessive stress on the body. As your body adapts, you might consider occasionally extending your fasting window to maximize autophagy activation, while maintaining the 16-hour protocol as your regular practice.

Signs and Symptoms of Autophagy

Identifying autophagy symptoms can help you determine if your fasting or dietary practices are effectively triggering this cellular renewal process. While autophagy occurs at the microscopic level and isn’t directly observable without laboratory testing, several indirect signs can indicate it’s taking place in your body.

Increased Ketone Production

One of the most reliable indicators of autophagy is elevated ketone levels in your blood or urine. Ketones are produced when your body metabolizes stored fat for energy, which typically occurs during fasting or very low carbohydrate intake. You might notice a distinct fruity breath odor (sometimes called “keto breath”) as ketone levels rise. Commercially available ketone testing strips can help monitor this autophagy sign.

The presence of ketones doesn’t guarantee autophagy but suggests your body has entered a metabolic state conducive to autophagy activation. Ketone levels typically begin rising after 12-16 hours of fasting and continue to increase the longer you fast.

Decreased Insulin Levels

Insulin inhibits autophagy, so reduced insulin levels create a favorable environment for cellular cleanup. During fasting, insulin levels naturally drop as blood glucose stabilizes. This decrease in insulin is one of the primary triggers for autophagy. While measuring insulin requires a blood test, you might notice reduced hunger fluctuations and improved energy stability as insulin levels decrease.

Consistently lower insulin levels also improve insulin sensitivity over time, creating a virtuous cycle that makes it easier to trigger autophagy in future fasting periods. This improved metabolic flexibility becomes more noticeable with regular fasting practice.

Improved Cognitive Function

Many people report enhanced mental clarity and cognitive performance during fasting, which may partially result from autophagy in brain cells. This mental sharpness often becomes noticeable after the initial adaptation period to fasting (typically 16-24 hours) and manifests as improved focus, clearer thinking, and better memory recall.

The brain benefits from both ketones as an alternative fuel source and the cellular cleanup provided by autophagy. Ketones can cross the blood-brain barrier efficiently, providing steady energy to brain cells. Meanwhile, autophagy helps clear potentially harmful protein aggregates from neurons, supporting optimal brain function.

Improved Physical Performance

Though initial fasting periods might temporarily reduce exercise capacity as your body adapts to using fat for fuel, many people experience improved physical performance once autophagy is activated. This improvement stems from enhanced mitochondrial function and cellular energy efficiency. You might notice better endurance, faster recovery between exercise sessions, and reduced exercise-induced inflammation.

These performance improvements typically become more pronounced with regular fasting practice. As your body becomes more efficient at triggering autophagy and using alternative fuel sources, physical performance during fasted states tends to improve progressively.

How to Know You Are in Autophagy

Determining exactly how do you know you are in autophagy can be challenging without laboratory testing, but several practical indicators can help you assess whether you’ve likely triggered this cellular renewal process. Understanding these signs helps you optimize your fasting or dietary practices for maximum benefit.

Beyond the signs mentioned earlier (ketone production, decreased insulin, improved cognition, and physical performance), you might notice changes in hunger patterns. Many people report that hunger decreases significantly once autophagy kicks in, typically after the 16-24 hour mark of fasting. This reduced hunger sensation often coincides with a noticeable energy boost and mental clarity.

Some people also experience temporary changes in digestion when autophagy is active. Your digestive system gets a rest during fasting, potentially leading to reduced bloating and improved gut function when you resume eating. This digestive reset can be particularly noticeable if you’ve been experiencing minor digestive discomfort before fasting.

For those seeking more objective measurements, consider tracking these indicators:

Blood or urine ketone levels (values above 0.5 mmol/L suggest conditions favorable for autophagy)
Glucose levels (stable, slightly lower blood glucose indicates depleted glycogen stores)
Reduced body temperature (a slight drop can indicate reduced metabolic inflammation)
Improved heart rate variability (indicating improved autonomic nervous system function)

Remember that the timing and intensity of autophagy vary between individuals based on metabolic health, activity level, and fasting experience. Regular practice helps your body become more efficient at triggering autophagy earlier during fasting periods.

How to Activate Autophagy Without Fasting

While fasting provides the most powerful autophagy stimulus, several alternative approaches can activate this cellular cleaning process. These methods offer flexibility for those who find extended fasting challenging or have medical conditions that make fasting inadvisable.

Exercise for Autophagy

Physical activity, particularly high-intensity interval training (HIIT), effectively stimulates autophagy in multiple tissues, including muscles, heart, liver, and brain. Exercise creates temporary cellular stress that triggers cleanup mechanisms as part of the recovery process. Studies have shown that even moderate exercise can increase autophagy markers, with more intense workouts producing stronger effects.

For optimal autophagy activation through exercise, consider:

Incorporating 2-3 HIIT sessions weekly (30-45 minutes each)
Adding resistance training to stimulate muscle-specific autophagy
Exercising in a fasted state (if tolerable) for enhanced effects
Gradually increasing workout intensity as fitness improves

Caloric Restriction

Reducing overall calorie intake without complete fasting can trigger autophagy, though typically to a lesser degree than fasting. Even modest caloric restriction of 15-25% below maintenance needs has shown autophagy-enhancing effects in research studies. This approach is particularly effective when combined with limiting processed carbohydrates and sugars.

Effective caloric restriction strategies include:

Focusing on nutrient-dense, low-calorie foods like vegetables and lean proteins
Reducing portion sizes while maintaining meal frequency
Limiting high-calorie, low-nutrient foods
Creating a modest daily calorie deficit without severe restriction

Optimizing Sleep

Quality sleep plays a crucial role in autophagy regulation. During deep sleep phases, your brain activates significant autophagy to clear metabolic waste products. Poor sleep disrupts this process, potentially reducing cellular renewal throughout the body. Prioritizing sleep quality and duration helps maintain natural autophagy rhythms.

To enhance sleep-related autophagy:

Aim for 7-9 hours of uninterrupted sleep nightly
Establish consistent sleep and wake times
Create a cool, dark sleeping environment
Avoid screens and stimulants in the hours before bedtime
Consider sleep-tracking technology to monitor sleep quality

Stress Reduction

Chronic stress impairs autophagy through persistently elevated stress hormones like cortisol. These hormones create a metabolic environment that inhibits cellular cleanup processes. Implementing effective stress management techniques helps restore normal autophagy function across tissues.

Effective stress reduction approaches include:

Regular meditation or mindfulness practice (10-20 minutes daily)
Gentle yoga or tai chi
Breathing exercises throughout the day
Time in nature or other relaxing environments
Limiting exposure to stressful stimuli when possible

Autophagy-Enhancing Foods

Certain foods contain compounds that have been shown to stimulate autophagy through various cellular pathways. While their effects are generally milder than fasting, they can support ongoing cellular renewal when incorporated into your regular diet. These foods typically contain bioactive plant compounds that mildly stress cells in beneficial ways.

Autophagy-promoting foods and compounds include:

Green tea (contains EGCG, a powerful autophagy activator)
Turmeric (curcumin activates autophagy pathways)
Resveratrol-containing foods (grapes, berries, red wine)
Cruciferous vegetables (contain sulforaphane)
Coffee (multiple compounds support autophagy)
Olive oil (contains autophagy-activating polyphenols)

Nutritional Strategies to Enhance Ketosis and Autophagy

Ketosis and autophagy are complementary processes that often occur together during fasting or specific dietary approaches. While distinct mechanisms, they share many triggers and can enhance each other when properly supported. Strategic nutrition choices can help activate and maximize both processes.

Ketogenic Diet

A well-formulated ketogenic diet mimics many fasting metabolic effects by severely restricting carbohydrates (typically below 50g daily). This restriction depletes glycogen stores, lowers insulin, and shifts your body to fat metabolism, producing ketones that support autophagy. The ketogenic approach provides a metabolic foundation that makes it easier to activate autophagy, even without extended fasting.

For optimal ketosis and autophagy support:

Keep carbohydrates below 50g daily (some need lower limits)
Consume moderate protein (excessive protein can inhibit ketosis)
Emphasize healthy fats as your primary energy source
Include autophagy-promoting foods within the ketogenic framework
Monitor ketone levels to ensure you’re maintaining ketosis

Intermittent Fasting

Combining time-restricted eating with strategic food choices enhances both ketosis and autophagy. Common protocols like 16:8 (16 hours fasting, 8 hours eating) or 20:4 create regular periods of low insulin and elevated ketones, creating ideal conditions for cellular cleanup. The cyclical nature of intermittent fasting appears particularly effective for sustainable autophagy benefits.

Effective intermittent fasting approaches include:

Daily time-restricted eating (16:8 or 18:6 patterns)
Alternate-day modified fasting (reducing calories by 70-80% on fast days)
5:2 method (five normal eating days, two modified fast days weekly)
One meal a day (OMAD) for those adapted to longer fasting periods

Healthy Fats

Specific fats not only support ketosis but may directly enhance autophagy. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are particularly effective, as they convert quickly to ketones and have been shown to stimulate autophagy pathways in research. Other beneficial fats include omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce inflammation and support overall cellular health.

Prioritize these autophagy-supporting fats:

MCT oil or coconut oil (rich in medium-chain triglycerides)
Extra virgin olive oil (contains autophagy-activating compounds)
Avocados and avocado oil (rich in healthy monounsaturated fats)
Fatty fish or fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids)
Grass-fed butter or ghee (contains beneficial fatty acids)

Collagen

Collagen protein offers unique benefits in a ketosis-supporting diet. Unlike some proteins that can stimulate insulin (potentially inhibiting autophagy), collagen is low in branched-chain amino acids and has minimal impact on insulin when consumed in moderate amounts. It supports tissue repair processes that complement autophagy’s cellular cleanup functions.

To incorporate collagen effectively:

Use collagen protein supplements in moderate amounts
Consume bone broth regularly
Add collagen to morning coffee or tea during fasting windows (if not doing strict water fasts)
Time collagen intake toward the end of fasting periods to minimize autophagy disruption

Anti-Inflammatory Foods

Chronic inflammation can impair autophagy. Including anti-inflammatory foods in your diet helps create an optimal environment for cellular cleanup processes. Many of these foods contain compounds that directly activate autophagy while simultaneously reducing inflammatory signaling that might otherwise inhibit it.

Incorporate these anti-inflammatory, autophagy-supporting foods:

Turmeric with black pepper (enhances curcumin absorption)
Ginger (contains gingerols that support cellular health)
Berries (low in carbs, high in polyphenols)
Leafy greens (provide nutrients without significant carbohydrates)
Fermented foods (support gut health and reduce inflammation)

The Role of Exercise in Stimulating Autophagy

Exercise provides a powerful stimulus for autophagy through multiple mechanisms. Physical activity creates temporary cellular stress that activates cleanup and repair processes across various tissues. Understanding how different types of exercise affect autophagy can help you optimize your workout routine for cellular health benefits.

During exercise, particularly high-intensity or endurance workouts, your cells experience increased energy demands and mild oxidative stress. This stress serves as a signal for autophagy activation, prompting your cells to remove damaged components and optimize function. Research has demonstrated that even a single bout of exercise can significantly increase autophagy markers in multiple tissues.

Different exercise modalities appear to stimulate autophagy through distinct pathways:

Endurance exercise (running, cycling, swimming) activates AMPK, a key energy sensor that promotes autophagy when cellular energy is depleted. This type of training is particularly effective for mitochondrial autophagy, which improves energy production efficiency.
High-intensity interval training creates significant metabolic stress that triggers robust autophagy signals. The intense nature of HIIT depletes glycogen rapidly and creates conditions that strongly activate cellular cleanup mechanisms.
Resistance training stimulates muscle-specific autophagy that supports tissue remodeling and strength development. The micro-damage created during strength training activates autophagy as part of the repair and growth process.

To maximize exercise-induced autophagy:

Exercise in a fasted state when possible (at least 3-4 hours after eating)
Include both cardiovascular and resistance training in your routine
Gradually increase exercise intensity as fitness improves
Allow adequate recovery between intense sessions
Consider caffeine before fasted exercise (it may enhance autophagy)

The autophagy benefits of exercise appear to be maximized when combined with nutritional strategies that support ketosis and cellular cleanup. Exercising in a fasted state or while following a low-carbohydrate diet creates a synergistic effect that enhances both processes. This combination provides a powerful approach for optimizing cellular health and function.

When Does Autophagy Peak During Fasting?

The timing of peak autophagy during fasting varies based on individual factors, but research provides some general guidelines. Understanding this timeline helps optimize fasting protocols for maximum cellular cleanup benefits. The autophagy fasting timeline follows a predictable pattern, though the exact timing differs between individuals.

In most people, autophagy begins to increase significantly after 24-48 hours of fasting. This timing coincides with the depletion of liver glycogen, decreased insulin levels, and increased ketone production. Studies suggest that autophagy reaches maximum intensity between 48 and 72 hours of continuous fasting for most individuals.

Several factors influence when autophagy peaks during fasting:

Metabolic health: Those with better insulin sensitivity typically experience earlier autophagy activation
Dietary patterns: Regular low-carbohydrate eating or intermittent fasting can accelerate autophagy timing
Exercise habits: Physical activity during fasting can speed up autophagy activation
Age: Autophagy efficiency typically decreases with age, potentially affecting peak timing
Sleep quality: Poor sleep may delay or diminish autophagy activation

For those unable to undertake extended fasts, cyclical approaches like alternate-day fasting or recurring 24-hour fasts can still provide significant autophagy benefits. While these shorter protocols may not reach the absolute peak levels seen in longer fasts, they often prove more sustainable and still deliver substantial cellular renewal effects when practiced consistently.

It’s worth noting that autophagy activation isn’t an all-or-nothing process but occurs on a spectrum. Even before peak levels are reached, meaningful cellular cleanup is taking place. This understanding helps explain why even shorter fasting protocols (16-24 hours) practiced regularly can provide cumulative benefits for cellular health and function.

How Long Does Autophagy Last?

The duration of enhanced autophagy depends on both how it was activated and how long the activating conditions persist. Understanding these factors helps you maximize the benefits of this cellular renewal process without unnecessary extended fasting periods.

During fasting, autophagy typically continues as long as the fast is maintained, with activity levels fluctuating throughout. After peaking at around 48-72 hours, autophagy remains elevated but may begin to gradually decrease if the fast continues beyond 4-5 days. This natural reduction occurs as the body adapts to prolonged fasting and conserves essential proteins.

When fasting ends and you resume eating, autophagy activity decreases relatively quickly, especially if consuming substantial carbohydrates or protein. Insulin elevation from these macronutrients directly inhibits autophagy pathways. However, some research suggests that certain autophagy benefits may persist for 24-48 hours after breaking a fast, particularly if resuming eating with a low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein approach.

For exercise-induced autophagy, the enhanced cellular cleanup typically lasts for 24-48 hours post-workout, with the duration depending on exercise intensity and your recovery capacity. This explains why regular physical activity provides cumulative autophagy benefits even without extended fasting periods.

To extend autophagy benefits after fasting or exercise:

Break fasts with low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein meals
Consider including autophagy-enhancing compounds when resuming eating
Maintain regular fasting intervals rather than occasional extended fasts
Incorporate regular exercise between fasting periods
Prioritize quality sleep to support ongoing cellular maintenance

The cyclical nature of autophagy aligns with the body’s need for both cleanup periods and nutrient availability for growth and repair. This understanding supports the efficacy of intermittent approaches to fasting rather than continuous extended fasts, creating sustainable cellular renewal cycles that can be maintained long-term.

Maximizing Autophagy Benefits for Health and Weight Loss

Optimizing autophagy requires a comprehensive approach that combines various strategies for maximum benefit. By integrating multiple autophagy-activating practices, you can enhance cellular health while supporting weight management goals. This integrated approach creates synergistic effects beyond what any single method provides.

For those seeking to maximize autophagy for overall health and weight management, consider this multi-faceted approach:

Practice regular intermittent fasting: Implement a consistent 16:8 or 18:6 fasting schedule most days, with occasional longer fasts (24-48 hours) if well-tolerated. This creates regular autophagy activation while remaining sustainable long-term.
Adopt a low-carbohydrate, nutrient-dense diet: When eating, focus on whole foods rich in nutrients but low in processed carbohydrates. This approach supports metabolic flexibility and enhances the body’s ability to trigger autophagy during fasting periods.
Incorporate strategic exercise: Combine high-intensity interval training (2-3 times weekly) with resistance training (2-3 sessions weekly) and regular low-intensity movement. This varied approach stimulates autophagy through multiple pathways.
Prioritize restorative sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep nightly in a cool, dark environment. This supports natural autophagy cycles and enhances the benefits of other autophagy-promoting practices.
Include autophagy-enhancing foods and compounds: Regularly consume green tea, turmeric (with black pepper), cruciferous vegetables, olive oil, and other foods with autophagy-promoting properties.
Manage stress effectively: Implement daily stress-reduction practices such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, or gentle movement. Reducing chronic stress supports optimal autophagy function.
Create environmental hormesis: Safe exposure to mild stressors like temperature variation (sauna followed by cold exposure) can trigger additional autophagy pathways not activated by fasting or exercise alone.

For weight management specifically, autophagy supports fat loss through multiple mechanisms. Enhanced autophagy improves metabolic flexibility, allowing your body to switch efficiently between fuel sources. It also helps optimize cellular energy production, potentially increasing basal metabolic rate. Additionally, the cellular cleanup process removes dysfunctional components that might otherwise contribute to metabolic inefficiency.

The most successful approach combines consistent, moderate fasting periods with strategic nutrition and varied exercise rather than extreme measures. This balanced strategy not only enhances autophagy but creates sustainable lifestyle patterns that support long-term health and weight management goals.

Remember that autophagy symptoms and signs can provide feedback on your progress, helping you refine your approach based on your body’s responses. Pay attention to changes in energy levels, cognitive clarity, hunger patterns, and physical performance as indicators that your autophagy-promoting strategies are working effectively.

Alexander Stone - Doctor of Physical Therapy, Strength and Conditioning Specialist

Doctor of Physical Therapy, Strength and Conditioning Specialist

Alex is a health sciences writer with experience in sports performance and rehabilitation settings. His areas of expertise include health and fitness, sports nutrition, and injury prevention. He is passionate about health science education and health/wellness optimization for people of all ages.

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Signs of Autophagy: Key Indicators, Health Benefits, and Symptoms to Recognize